fix date_bin overflows subtracting extreme nanosecond timestamp origin

[xiedeyantu]

Which issue does this PR close?

• Closes panic: date_bin overflows subtracting extreme nanosecond timestamp origin #22210

Rationale for this change

date_bin could overflow when subtracting extreme nanosecond timestamps, which could trigger a panic. This fix makes that path return an error instead, so the query safely returns NULL rather than crashing.

What changes are included in this PR?

• In date_bin.rs, the nanosecond path now uses checked_sub instead of direct subtraction, and returns an ArrowError::InvalidArgumentError on overflow.
• In date_bin_errors.slt, a regression test was added for an extreme nanosecond timestamp case to verify that overflow returns NULL instead of panicking.

Are these changes tested?

• Yes. The new sqllogictest covers the regression scenario and verifies that extreme nanosecond timestamp input returns NULL.

Are there any user-facing changes?

• Yes. date_bin is now more robust for extreme nanosecond timestamp inputs and will return NULL instead of panicking.