refactor(persistence): make SQL ExecutionStore request-aware for shard ID (#8041)

## Description

Update sqlExecutionStore to read ShardID from request instead of relying
solely on internal m.shardID. This enables safe conversion of
ExecutionManager to a host-level singleton in a subsequent PR.

## Changes

- Add resolveShardID and effectiveShardID helpers for shard resolution
- Thread resolved shardID through all operation methods
- Update txExecuteShardLocked signature to accept resolved shard ID
- Add deduped warn logging for missing/mismatched request ShardIDs
- Update tests for new helper signatures and add coverage tests

This aligns sqlExecutionStore with nosqlExecutionStore migration (PR
#7919).

## Related Issues

Relates to #7643

## Testing

- go test ./common/persistence/sql passes
- make build passes
- Added TestResolveShardID and
TestEffectiveShardID_logsOncePerOperationWhenRequestShardIDInconsistent
- Updated test helper signatures for txExecuteShardLockedFn

Signed-off-by: Pratik Chandra <pratik.offcwrk@gmail.com>

Author: pratikscfr