references.bib

@article{murphy2009,
  title = {Topographic Modelling of Soil Moisture Conditions: A Comparison and Verification of Two Models},
  shorttitle = {Topographic Modelling of Soil Moisture Conditions},
  author = {Murphy, P. N. C. and Ogilvie, J. and Arp, P.},
  year = {2009},
  journal = {European Journal of Soil Science},
  volume = {60},
  number = {1},
  pages = {94--109},
  issn = {1365-2389},
  doi = {10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01094.x},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {Topography, as captured by a digital elevation model (DEM), can be used to model soil moisture conditions because water tends to flow and accumulate in response to gradients in gravitational potential energy. A widely used topographic index, the soil wetness index (SWI), was compared with a new algorithm that produces a cartographic depth-to-water (DTW) index based on distance to surface water and slope. Both models reflect the tendency for soil to be saturated. A 1 m resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) DEM and a 10 m conventional photogrammetric DEM were used and results were compared with field-mapped wet soil areas for a 193 ha watershed in Alberta, Canada, for verification. The DTW model was closer to field-mapped conditions. Values of Kmatch90 (areal correspondence, smaller values indicating better performance) were 7.8\% and 12.3\% for the LiDAR and conventional DEM DTW models, respectively, and 88.5\% and 86.7\% for the SWI models. The two indices were poorly correlated spatially. Both DEMs were found to be useful for modelling soil moisture conditions using the DTW model, but the LiDAR DEM produced the better results. All major wet areas and flow connectivity were reproduced and a threshold value of 1.5 m DTW accounted for 71\% of the observed wet areas. The poor performance of the SWI model is probably because of its over-dependence on flow accumulation. Incorporation of a flow accumulation algorithm that replicates the effects of dispersed flow showed some improvement in the SWI model for the conventional DEM but it still failed to replicate the full areal extent of wet areas. Local downslope topography and hydrologic conditions seemed to be more important in determining soil moisture conditions than is taken account of by the SWI. The DTW model has potential for application in distributed hydrologic modelling, precision forestry and agriculture and implementation of environmental soil management practices.},
  copyright = {{\copyright} 2009 The Authors Journal compilation {\copyright} 2009 British Society of Soil Science},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/claudiuforgaci/Zotero/storage/35MB5WLT/Murphy et al. - 2009 - Topographic modelling of soil moisture conditions.pdf}
}

@article{white2012,
  title = {Using the {{Cartographic Depth-to-Water Index}} to {{Locate Small Streams}} and {{Associated Wet Areas}} across {{Landscapes}}},
  author = {White, Barry and , Jae, Ogilvie and , David M.H. M.H., Campbell and , Douglas, Hiltz and , Brian, Gauthier and , H. Kyle H., Chisholm and , Hua Kim, Wen and , Paul N.C. N.C., Murphy and {and Arp}, Paul A. A.},
  year = {2012},
  month = jan,
  journal = {Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques},
  volume = {37},
  number = {4},
  pages = {333--347},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  issn = {0701-1784},
  doi = {10.4296/cwrj2011-909},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {With increasing scarcity of natural resources, there is a need to provide resource managers and planners with maps that reliably inform about areas vulnerable to hydrological risks, including areas with ephemeral to intermittent flows. This paper demonstrates that the newly developed Wet-Areas Mapping (WAM) process using LiDAR-based point cloud data addresses some of these needs. This is done by portraying local flow patterns, soil drainage, soil moisture regimes and natural vegetation type across mapped areas in a numerically robust and consistent manner. As a result, WAM-derived maps are useful for surprise-free operations planning in several areas of natural resource planning (forestry, parks and recreation, oil and gas extraction, land reclamation), and also serve as field guides for locating and delineating flow channels, road-stream crossings, wet areas and wetlands.},
  file = {/Users/claudiuforgaci/Zotero/storage/STBEHRQK/White et al_2012_Using the Cartographic Depth-to-Water Index to Locate Small Streams and.pdf}
}

@article{agren2014,
  title = {Evaluating Digital Terrain Indices for Soil Wetness Mapping -- a {{Swedish}} Case Study},
  author = {{\AA}gren, A. M. and Lidberg, W. and Str{\"o}mgren, M. and Ogilvie, J. and Arp, P. A.},
  year = {2014},
  month = sep,
  journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences},
  volume = {18},
  number = {9},
  pages = {3623--3634},
  publisher = {Copernicus GmbH},
  issn = {1027-5606},
  doi = {10.5194/hess-18-3623-2014},
  urldate = {2025-03-25},
  abstract = {Trafficking wet soils within and near stream and lake buffers can cause soil disturbances, i.e. rutting and compaction. This -- in turn -- can lead to increased surface flow, thereby facilitating the leaking of unwanted substances into downstream environments. Wet soils in mires, near streams and lakes have particularly low bearing capacity and are therefore more susceptible to rutting. It is therefore important to model and map the extent of these areas and associated wetness variations. This can now be done with adequate reliability using a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM). In this article, we report on several digital terrain indices to predict soil wetness by wet-area locations. We varied the resolution of these indices to test what scale produces the best possible wet-areas mapping conformance. We found that topographic wetness index (TWI) and the newly developed cartographic depth-to-water index (DTW) were the best soil wetness predictors. While the TWI derivations were sensitive to scale, the DTW derivations were not and were therefore numerically robust. Since the DTW derivations vary by the area threshold for setting stream flow initiation, we found that the optimal threshold values for permanently wet areas varied by landform within the Krycklan watershed, e.g. 1--2 ha for till-derived landforms versus 8--16 ha for a coarse-textured alluvial floodplain.},
  langid = {english},
  file = {/Users/claudiuforgaci/Zotero/storage/FCHGLY7F/Ågren et al_2014_Evaluating digital terrain indices for soil wetness mapping – a Swedish case.pdf}
}

@phdthesis{forgaci2018,
  title = "Integrated Urban River Corridors: Spatial design for social-ecological resilience in Bucharest and beyond",
  abstract = "The issue of urban resilience concerns a multitude of urban systems and spaces. This thesis focuses on Urban River Corridors (URCs)—that is, urban spaces where the overlap between the urban systems (carrying the {\textquoteright}social-{\textquoteleft}) and the river system (carrying the {\textquoteleft}-ecological{\textquoteright}) is at the highest intensity—as strategic spaces with a potentially high contribution to urban resilience. The general hypothesis is that with an integrated spatial understanding, planning and design of rivers and the urban fabric surrounding them, cities could become more resilient not just to flood-related disturbances, but to general chronic stresses as well. Hence, the thesis addresses four spatial problems arising from the loss of synergy between the natural dynamics of rivers and the spatial configuration and composition of urban areas that they cross: (1) river-taming operations combined with riverside traffic corridors have weakened the relationship between fluvial geomorphology and urban morphology, transforming rivers into physical barriers; (2) flood-protection measures aiming for resistance to water dynamics have led to a latent flood risk; (3) the capacity of urban rivers to deliver ecosystem services has been diminished; and (4) rationalisations of the river system have reduced the scalar, (and implicitly) social and ecological complexity of urban rivers.Drawing on theories of social-ecological resilience and urban form resilience, on conceptual and analytical tools from spatial morphology and landscape ecology, and on practical experience in urban river design projects, the thesis constructs a theory of social-ecologically integrated Urban River Corridors, in which it proposes a spatial-morphological definition, an assessment framework, and a set of design principles and design instruments. Framed as a transdisciplinary design study, the thesis integrates knowledge from various disciplines dealing with the problematique of urban rivers and employs a design-driven methodology that includes design explorations and design testing in the research process.The case of Bucharest crossed by URC D{\^a}mbovița and URC Colentina is used to contextualise the spatial-morphological definition, and to demonstrate, develop and test the proposed assessment framework, design principles, and design instruments with a distinct set of methods in each of the three parts of the thesis. In addition to a transdisciplinary literature review of URCs, and a historical review of Bucharest{\textquoteright}s URCs, Part 1 presents a qualitative data analysis of 22 expert interviews, used to determine the current state of URC D{\^a}mbovița and URC Colentina. Based on four key properties of URCs identified in literature, Part 2 develops an indicator system and a method for the assessment of social-ecological integration. Informed by key problems and potentials identified by the local experts, the assessment framework is then applied on the two URCs of Bucharest. In the last part, design applications, including urban river projects carried out by the author on other rivers and a design workshop in Bucharest, are used to demonstrate and test the design principles through design instruments.",
  keywords = "Urban river corridors, Design principles, Design instruments, Urban design, Spatial assessment, Design workshop, Design-driven research, Transdisciplinary study",
  author = "Claudiu Forgaci",
  note = "A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment No 31 (2018)",
  year = "2018",
  doi = "10.7480/abe.2018.31",
  language = "English",
  isbn = "978-94-6366-109-6",
  publisher = "A+BE | Architecture and the Built Environment",
  type = "Dissertation (TU Delft)",
  school = "Delft University of Technology",
}

@article{tripathy2020,
  title     = {An open-source tool to extract natural continuity and hierarchy of urban street networks},
  author    = {Tripathy, Pratyush and Rao, Pooja and Balakrishnan, Krishnachandran and Malladi, Teja},
  journal   = {Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science},
  year      = {2020},
  publisher = {SAGE Publications Sage UK: London, England},
  volume    = {48},
  pages     = {2188--2205},
  number    = {8},
  doi       = {10.1177/2399808320967680}
}